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Simplified life cycle for rubber products
Key issues for public Authorities
Key market drivers for process developers
Key decision parameters for customers
The main options for managing scrap tyres
The structure of a tyre
Composition range for tyres
Coverage of tyre treatment in the
UK
Worldwide annual scrap tyre arisings by region
Estimated tonnages of scrap tyre arisings in 2004 by country
Scrap tyre arisings by source in
Europe
Source of waste tyre arisings in the
UK
(1999)
Estimated tonnages of scrap tyre arisings in 2004 by country
UK
tyre stockpile survey 2002
Stockpiled scrap tyres
Main market drivers influencing the scrap tyre industry
How do market drivers affect the scrap tyre treatment industry?
Summary of the potential impacts at each stage of the life cycle of a tyre
Example of a tyre fire in
Germany
, 2002
Products from material recycling of scrap tyres
Environmental arguments for value recovery options
Selected countries with bans on depositing tyres in landfill
ELV targets in Europe
Rate of scrap tyre recovery from scrapped vehicles in Europe
Categories of Producer Responsibility Obligations (PRO)
Overview of regulatory intervention worldwide
Examples of voluntary producer responsibility agreements
Examples of mandatory producer responsibility agreements
Scrap tyre management in The
Netherlands
Scrap tyre management in countries with legally binding PROs
Canadian tyre stewardship programmes
Regional collection quotas in Belgium
Worldwide market shares in tyre manufacture
Drivers for tyre manufacturers' increasing involvement in scrap tyre management
Tyre producer organisations in Europe
Tyre waste collection rates around the world
Retail and distribution networks of leading tyre manufacturers
Examples of large players in the European collection market
Management options for scrap tyres
Advantages & disadvantages of tyre retreading
Tyre
retreading in parts of
Europe
and in North America & Australia
Baled tyres for flood defence
Safety barrier at Donnington Park motor sport track
Tyres used for a floating wave barrier
Pictures of artificial reefs
Tyre devulcanisation technologies & their current commercial status
Some companies active in the tyre/rubber devulcanisation sector
Applications for 'Reclaim' rubber
Schematic of the Gujurat Reclaim Rubber Process
Classification of TDP
Examples of cutters used for shredding tyres
Example of a dual shaft hook & shear shredder for tyres
Example of a hexed shaft CRS for tyres
An example of a Holman shredder
Illustration of replaceable knives on a Holman shredder
Industrial 4-shaft hook and shear CRS
Comparison of shredder designs
Factors that affect the consumption of LN2 in cryogenic milling
Comparison of cryogenic grinding systems
Advantages & disadvantages of cryogenic vs. ambient grinding
Comparison of particl
e size distribution from cryogenic & ambient grinding
Some important properties of cryogenic and ambient ground rubber
General comparisons between ambient and cryogenic grinding
Quantity of rubber used in different road applications in Australia
Claimed advantages of rubberised asphalt
Major suppliers of tyre shredding & granulating equipment
Columbus McKinnon - selected references
A diagram of Columbus McKinnon tyre shredder
Product sizes and throughputs for the CM tyre shredder
Process data & costs for Columbus McKinnon's tyre shredder
Energy consumption of CM shredders
Data for CLG's shredding & granulating machinery
Primary shredder and trommel at CLG's UK tyre plant
Final particle size screening & bagging at CLG's recycling plant
An example of an Eldan shredder
Technical specifications for Eldan's shredders and granulator
Service life of consumable wear parts for Eldan shredders
Eldan - selected reference plants
Schematic of the Tirex TCS process
RTG's Reclaprocessor system
Rubber crumb specifications for the Reclaprocessor system
Thermal technologies for managing scrap tyres
Products & emissions from thermal technologies
Thermal treatment processes for tyres by source country
Schematic of the tyre incineration process
Typical composition of flyash from a tyre incinerator
Modesto tyre incinerator with tyre pile
View of the Exeter Energy tyre incinerator
Schematic of the Pulsed Hearth furnace at Elm Energy, Wolverhampton, UK
Energy content of common fuels
Typical contaminant levels in scrap tyres
Typical compostiion of tyres and tyre derived fuels
Comparison of inputs to and outputs from a cement kiln and a dedicated incinerator
Results of trials using shredded tyres at the Cauldon Cement Works, UK
Ash analysis from burning TDF and coal
Schematic of the scrap tyre gasification process
Why use plasma for waste treatment?
Main developers of plasma technologies for waste treatment
Why use microwave technologies for waste treatment?
Developers of microwave technologies for waste treatment
Pyrolysis technologies - process conditions & major products
One possible mechanism for pyrolysis reactions
Pyrolysis reactors - heating methods & rates
Schematic of a tyre pyrolysis process
Commercial status of tyre pyrolysis processes
Companies promoting novel thermal technologies for treating scrap tyres
Legend to Juniper's process flow schematics
Schematic of the AMAT microwave process
AMAT microwave process vessel
Yields of carbon, oil, gas and steel from the AMAT process
Comparative tests for AMAT's tyre derived steel
Gaseous emissions from the AMAT process
View of the Kaohsiung tyre pyrolysis plant
Schematic of the Alcyon TiRec process
Reported product yields from Alcyon's TiRec process
Schematic for the Coalite process
Reported product yields from the Coalite process
Indicative physical & chemical data for the Coalite process
View of the Beven Recycling Plant at Witney, UK
Schematic of the Beven process
Reported product yields from the Beven process
Reported emissions from the Beven process
Schematic of the CPI process
Reported product yields from the CPI pyrolysis process
Reported properties of rubber made incorporating Velocarb
Schematic of Compact Power process
Schematic of the Conrad tyre pyrolysis process
Reported yields from the Conrad process
Energy value of products from the Conrad process
Schematic of an ICFB reactor
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Summary of data from Ebara ICFB tyre combustion plant
Reported emissions data from Ebara's ICFB plant for tyres
Schematic of the Ebara ICFB process
Schematic of the Emery gasification process for scrap tyres
Emery's pilot scale gasification plant
Schematic of the EWI process
Reported product yields from the EWI process
Properties of EWI’s upgraded pyrolysis char
Reported composition of pyrolysis gas from the EWI process
Composition of pyrolysis oil from the EWI process
Average operating values for the Krupp Polysius pilot plant treating tyres
LIG plant under construction, May 2002
Schematic of the LIG pyrolysis process
Reported product yields from the LIG pilot plant
Rotary kiln char activation reactor for Miltzow plant
Characteristics of light oil from the LIG pyrolysis process
Mass balance for the LIG mbH tyre plant at Miltzow
View of Metso's pilot scale rotary kiln
Schematic of the Metso tyre pyrolysis process
Reported product yields from the Metso process
Reported syngas composition from the Metso process
Comparison of Metso pyrolysis oil with a commercial grade oil
Properties of the carbon black from the Metso process
Relative properties of Metso's carbon black in compounding.
Schematic of the Nathaniel thermal combustor
Schematic of the Nathaniel process
Schematic of the Nesa process for scrap tyres
Nesa's pilot plant
A commercial scale multiple hearth pyrolyser
Schematic of the Okadura carbonising process
Reported yields from the Okadura process
View of the Okadura pyrolysis reactor
Reported properties of Okadura's pyrolysis oil
Schematic of Pyrovac's process development unit
Typical yields from the Pyrovac process
Relative characteristics of conventional carbon black and carbon black from the Pyrovac process
Reported characteristics of pyrolysis oil from the Pyrovac process
Schematic of the Thermogenics gasifier
Schematic of the Thermogenics process for treating scrap tyres
CV of syngas from Thermogenic process
Analysis of cleaned syngas from tyre gasification
Mass balance for the Thermogencis gasification process
View of the Taipei recycling facility
Schematic of the Titan tyre pyrolysis process
Estimated product yields from the Titan process
Reported properties of pyrolysis oil from the Titan process
Cross-section schematic of the Traidec DTV reactor
View of the Traidec pilot pyrolysis process
Process options to use scrap tyres as a resource
Process options to use scrap tyres as an energy source
Proposed products from thermal processes for scrap tyres
Plants processing scrap tyres that have operated between 1994 and 2001
Companies/processes no longer actively processing scrap tyres
Status of plants currently processing scrap tyres
Scrap tyre arisings currently processed by standalone thermal processes
Scrap tyre arisings currently processed by co-combustion
Operational lifetime and throughput capacities of scrap tyre incinerators
Comparison of scrap tyre incinerators supplied by Standardkessel Lentjes
Number of pyrolysis processes aiming to produce marketable products
Comparison of product yields from the pyrolysis of car tyres
Qualitative evaluation of thermal treatment options for tyres
Commercial status of pyrolysis and gasification processes for scrap tyres
The value of tyres relative to other fuels
Summary of the effects of processing parameters on char properties
Effect of temperature and heating rate on char yields (wt%)
Desirable material properties in potential applications for char
Summary of the effects of process conditions on activated char properties
Rubber grade carbon black classification
Properties of some commercial rubber grade carbon blacks
Summary of the effects of process conditions on activated char particle size
Worldwide carbon black consumption by industry
Market price of carbon black
Summary of the effects of process conditions on pyrolysis oil properties
Summary of the effects of pyrolysis process conditions on the properties of syngas
Potential market barriers for alternative supplies of carbon black
The ability of markets to absorb tyre-derived products
Current treatment vs. potential capacity of tyres in cement kilns in key markets
Market acceptance of tyre-derived products in key applications
Factors affecting process economics
Comparison of Capex and Opex for key process options
Economic attractiveness of scrap tyre management options
Break-even analysis for competing process options
Limiting factors, key advantages & critical success factors for key processes
Project risk analysis
Technology risk vs market risk for key management options
Summary of our risk-return analysis
Projection of scrap tyre arisings worldwide
Worldwide development of vehicle sales (1980-2012)
Predicted average annual growth rate of scrap tyre arisings by region (2004-2012)
Worldwide growth in tyre arisings
Scrap tyre arisings in Western Europe in 2004 by country
Growth in tyre collection in Europe
Scrap tyre arisings in selected Asian countries 2004-2012
Tyre export in Europe: 2002-2012
Current & projected scrap tyre exports from North America and Japan
World-wide split in choice of management method for used tyres
Commercial status of the various management options for scrap tyres
Recycling infrastructure in selected areas of the world
Selected major players in the European tyre recycling industry
Worldwide co-combustion of tyres in cement kilns
Cement producers using tyre waste for co-combustion worldwide
Dedicated tyre-to-energy facilities operating worldwide
Trend of landfilling of tyres in selected co
untries: 2001-2012
Additional capacity required by 201
2
Predicted cumulative value of new infrastructure in key regional markets
Forecast investment by technology type
The ma
rket oppo
rtunity for novel thermal processes
Regional status of tyre waste treatment in the Industrialised world
Tyre treatment infrastructure in Europe
Tyre treatment in Europe i
n 2002
Market forecast for tyre management options in Europe
Tyre treatment infrastructure in North America
Breakdown of recycling markets in US and Canada
Thermal processing tyres in the USA by application
Projection of scrap tyre management in the US: 2002
-2012
Scrap tyre management in Japan: 1999-2012
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